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S  0ܘ ^ `  >*  0 ^   @*  00 ^ `  @*H  0޽h ? 3380___PPT10.sWs Default Design0 0 *(    0X# P    X*   0A     Z* d  c $ ?    0E  0  RClick to edit Master text styles Second level Third level Fourth level Fifth level!     S  6K _P   X*   6\X# _   Z* H  0޽h ? 3380___PPT10.4O 0^N0 PP0(  Px P c $# `}  # x P c $@# ` # H P 0޽h ? 33___PPT10e.+D=' &= @B +u 0^N0 {s*`  (  ` x ` c $H#0 `  # x ` c $x# ` # 6 ` 0# p ,$@0 4Wescott-Hort Approach to Evaluating Manuscripts What is Wescott-Hort? Brooke Foss Westcott (1825-1901) and Fenton John Anthony Hort (1828-1892) The New Testament in the Original Greek, 1881 4 text-types Syrian or Byzantine text-type Western text-type Alexandrian text-type Their favorite text-type<5!3d'wp`Pp ` 0(0p 5(1) 2H ` 0޽h ? 33___PPT10b.+AGD:' &= @B D' = @BA?%,( < +O%,( < +D' =%(Dh' =%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*` %(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*` 3%(D4' =%(D' =%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*` 3I%(D' =%(Dh' =%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*` Ip%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*` p%(D4' =%(D' =%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*` %(D4' =%(D' =%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*` %(D4' =%(D' =%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*` %(D4' =%(D' =%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*` %(D4' =%(D' =%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*` %(D4' =%(D' =%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*` 5%(+ 0^N0 {*X (  X x X c $@0 `   x X c $ `  > X 0 p ,$D0 *Syrian or Byzantine text-type: A group of very similar original manuscripts of the Greek New Testament. It is this form that is found in the overwhelming majority of surviving New Testament manuscripts. It remains the standard base of the New Testament that is used in the Churches of the East. It also underlies the related Textus Receptus Greek text used for most traditional translations of the New Testament in the West. Modern translations, however, mostly use an Eclectic text, that conforms more often to codices of the Alexandrian text-type. N !  !Hp`Pp X 0 0p 5(2) 2H X 0޽h ? 33___PPT10.+ksDn' &= @B D)' = @BA?%,( < +O%,( < +D4' =%(D' =%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*X %(D4' =%(D' =%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*X j%(D4' =%(D' =%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*X j%(D4' =%(D' =%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*X *%(D4' =%(D' =%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*X *%(D4' =%(D' =%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*X *%(+ 0^N0 *\ .(  \ x \ c $/0 `   x \ c $0# `  Y \ 0O @P,$D0 3Western text-type: the predominant form of the NT text witnessed in the Old Latin translation from the Greek also found in quotations from certain 2nd and 3rd C. Christian writers (i.e. Cyprian, Tertullian, Irenaeus) Codex Bezae: Only one Greek Uncial manuscript The four Gospels and the Book of Acts - the 5th C. Codex Claromontanus: 6th C. considered to transmit a Western text for the letters of Saint Paul Two 9th C. Uncials: F and G Also found in the Syrs & Syrc opinions vary as to whether these versions can be considered witnesses to the Western text-type`! 3  D : `   i-  D   *      `p`Pp \ 0=0p 5(3) 2H \ 0޽h ? 33___PPT10.+ksD^' &= @B D' = @BA?%,( < +O%,( < +D4' =%(D' =%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*\ %(D4' =%(D' =%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*\ m%(D4' =%(D' =%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*\ m%(D4' =%(D' =%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*\ %(D4' =%(D' =%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*\ :%(D4' =%(D' =%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*\ :V%(D4' =%(D' =%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*\ V%(D4' =%(D' =%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*\ %(D4' =%(D' =%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*\ %(D4' =%(D' =%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*\ 4%(+  0^N0 +l /(  l ~ l s *”0 `   ~ l s *Ô      l 0L֔ p ,$D0 xAlexandrian text-type also called Neutral or Egyptian the form of the Greek NT that predominates in the earliest surviving witnesses Most modern NT translations use an Eclectic Greek text that is closest to the Alexandrian text-type * In later manuscripts (from the 9th C. onwards) the Byzantine text-type becomes far more common. It remains the standard text in the Greek Orthodox church, and most Protestant translations of the Reformation era.! K !K" p`Pp l 0ɔ0p 5(4) 2 l 0 ZA g? ?1p `  g  l  c $A ?? P 8 $D0H l 0޽h ? 33___PPT10.+|RD' &= @B De' = @BA?%,( < +O%,( < +D4' =%(D' =%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*l %(D4' =%(D' =%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*l 6%(D4' =%(D' =%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*l 6%(D4' =%(D' =%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*l %(D4' =%(D' =%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*l %(D4' =%(D' =%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*l %(D4' =%(D' =%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*l %(+N 0^N0  +p t(  p x p c $0 `   x p c $0 `   p 0D p ,$D0 eFavorite text-type codex Vaticanus codex Sinaiticus (discovered in 1859) Western text-type vs. Byzantine text-type: more likely to be abrupt in their Greek expression compared to the Western text-type vs. Alexandrian text-type : display glosses, additional details, and instances where the original passages appear to be replaced with longer paraphrases t!6 -!C /!} !fp`Pp p 00p 5(5) 2H p 0޽h ? 33___PPT10.+ksD' &= @B De' = @BA?%,( < +O%,( < +D4' =%(D' =%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*p %(D4' =%(D' =%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*p #%(D4' =%(D' =%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*p #I%(D4' =%(D' =%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*p Jv%(D4' =%(D' =%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*p v%(D4' =%(D' =%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*p %(D4' =%(D' =%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*p e%(+ 0^N0 *P i(  P x P c $ 0 `   x P c $ `   P 0 p ,$D0 $Syrian or Byzantine text-type: Textus Receptus The series originated with the first printed Greek New Testament; a work undertaken in Basel by the Dutch Catholic scholar Desiderius Erasmus in 1516 Western text-type: much older mss. tends to paraphrase less reliable !  ! '! %p`Pp P 0x0p 5(6) 2H P 0޽h ? 33___PPT10.+ksDn' &= @B D)' = @BA?%,( < +O%,( < +D4' =%(D' =%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*P %(D4' =%(D' =%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*P 1%(D4' =%(D' =%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*P 1%(D4' =%(D' =%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*P %(D4' =%(D' =%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*P %(D4' =%(D' =%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*P %(+  0^N0 +h E(  h x h c $O0 `   x h c $H `  p h 0\ @P,$D0 Alexandrian text-type: codex Ephraemi Rescriptus (Paris, National Library Greek 9; Gregory-Aland no. C or 04) an early 5th century Greek the last in the group of the four great uncial manuscripts of the Greek Bible (see Codex Sinaiticus, Codex Alexandrinus and Codex Vaticanus). palimpsest: the treatises of Ephraem the Syrian, in Greek translations, were written over ( rescriptus ) in the 12th century. The effacement of the original text was incomplete, fortunately, for beneath the text was once a complete Bible, the OT & NT Favorite text-type: Relied heavily on codices Vaticanus & Sinaiticus Worked from 1853 to 1881p!     !J 1? Jp`Pp h 0]0p 5(7) 2H h 0޽h ? 33___PPT10.+ksD^' &= @B D' = @BA?%,( < +O%,( < +D4' =%(D' =%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*h 1%(D4' =%(D' =%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*h 1p%(D4' =%(D' =%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*h p%(D4' =%(D' =%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*h %(D4' =%(D' =%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*h '%(D4' =%(D' =%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*h '%(D4' =%(D' =%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*h %(D4' =%(D' =%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*h ,%(D4' =%(D' =%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*h ,]%(D4' =%(D' =%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*h ]v%(+  0^N0 *T 1(  T x T c $@0 `   x T c $r `  \ T 0 p $D0TL___PPT9.& lWescott-Hort Approach The W-H Approach Let the majority rule? Take the reading of the oldest manuscript? Take the oldest text? Use the best text? They opted for #4 and proceeded with the following:t(!k 4  k4p`Pp T 00p 5(8) 2H T 0޽h ? 33___PPT10.+ksD' &= @B De' = @BA?%,( < +O%,( < +D4' =%(D' =%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*T %(D4' =%(D' =%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*T (%(D4' =%(D' =%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*T (?%(D4' =%(D' =%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*T ?j%(D4' =%(D' =%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*T j%(D4' =%(D' =%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*T %(D4' =%(D' =%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*T %(+ 1 0^N0  { 0+t  (  t x t c $䖮0 `   x t c $ `  >  t 0 @ 6$D0___PPT9 Determine the variants Preliminary step; Several variants set; each with supporting witnesses External evidences Internal evidences of groups of documents How often does a group of witness support each other? This leads to  families. Internal evidences of families of documents What is the relation of the various families of documents? Internal evidence of the readings Intrinsic internal evidence (Intrinsic Probability) What is the author most likely to have written? Transcriptional internal evidence (Transcriptional Probability) What are the copyists most likely to have made the author seem to write? Internal evidence of documents This examines the weight of documents as a whole, and looks for the percentage of reliability. H! * P , ; " 4 0   b!G*  P,;"4  0$$((,,00a00p`Pp t 0®0p 5(9) 2H t 0޽h ? 33%%___PPT10$.+ksD$' &= @B D$' = @BA?%,( < +O%,( < +D4' =%(D' =%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*t %(D4' =%(D' =%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*t _%(D4' =%(D' =%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*t _r%(D4' =%(D' =%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*t r%(D4' =%(D' =%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*t %(D4' =%(D' =%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*t %(D4' =%(D' =%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*t %(D4' =%(D' =%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*t S%(D4' =%(D' =%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*t Su%(D4' =%(D' =%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*t u%(D4' =%(D' =%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*t %(D4' =%(D' =%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*t %(D4' =%(D' =%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*t c%(D4' =%(D' =%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*t c%(D4' =%(D' =%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*t %(D4' =%(D' =%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*t %(++ 0^N0 `, I(   x  c $T0 `   x  c $, `  s  0x  @ $D0___PPT9 The Praxis of the Method of Textual Criticism Determine the variants External evidences The date of the witness The geographical distribution of the witnesses that agree in supporting a variant The genealogical relationship of texts and families of witnesses Internal evidence of the readings Transcriptional Probability Intentional errors Unintentional errors The canons of transcriptional errors In general, the more difficult reading is to be preferred In general, the shorter reading is to be preferred Except, in parallel passages, that reading is to be preferred which stands in verbal dissidence with the other The reading which best explains the origin of others is to be preferred&.!    "  M $ .  "M#    xd  0@,0p 6(10) 2H  0޽h ? 33""___PPT10".+ksD"' &= @B DE"' = @BA?%,( < +O%,( < +D4' =%(D' =%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<* .%(D4' =%(D' =%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<* .E%(D4' =%(D' =%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<* EX%(D4' =%(D' =%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<* Xp%(D4' =%(D' =%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<* p%(D4' =%(D' =%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<* %(D4' =%(D' =%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<* %%(D4' =%(D' =%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<* %A%(D4' =%(D' =%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<* AT%(D4' =%(D' =%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<* Ti%(D4' =%(D' =%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<* i%(D4' =%(D' =%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<* %(D4' =%(D' =%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<* %(D4' =%(D' =%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<* j%(D4' =%(D' =%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<* j%(+Z# 0^N0  p, (   x  c $ 0 `   x  c $@ `    0@ @ $D0xp___PPT9RJ The Praxis of the Method of Textual Criticism (cont.) Intrinsic Probability The style and vocabulary of the author throughout the book The immediate context Harmony with the usage of the author elsewhere In the Gospels, harmony with the Aramaic background of the teaching of Jesus The priority of the Gospel of Mark The influence of the Christian community upon the formulation and transmission of the passage in question This is where the author s style, vocabulary and other literary features are judged to see what he most likely would have written in a given text. One must be careful here of subjectivity 4. Conclusion6! Z !!6Z  xd  0N0p 6(11) 2H  0޽h ? 33___PPT10.+ksD' &= @B DU' = @BA?%,( < +O%,( < +D4' =%(D' =%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<* 6%(D4' =%(D' =%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<* 6L%(D4' =%(D' =%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<* L%(D4' =%(D' =%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<* %(D4' =%(D' =%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<* %(D4' =%(D' =%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<* %(D4' =%(D' =%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<* <%(D4' =%(D' =%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<* <%(D4' =%(D' =%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<* :%(D4' =%(D' =%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<* :d%(D4' =%(D' =%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<* dr%(+w 0^N0 YQ+ (   x  c $(%0 `   x  c $ `    0r @ ,$D0 I. Characteristics of Canonicity A. Definition of terms - Canon: Greek kanwvn (reed, rod) - Hebrew: henfq (reed, rod) - Ezek 40:3 kaneh is used of a rod to measure the temple; later, spiritual measurement - Gal 6:16 kanon is used of a rule by which Christians should measure their walk. B. Concept - The early church applied the term to those writings which were considered as authoritative. - Given by God as the rule of faith for the church - Thus, canon of Scripturen!JRp`Pp  0`PT 5(1) 2H  0޽h ? 33___PPT10.+ksD^' &= @B D' = @BA?%,( < +O%,( < +D4' =%(D' =%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<* !%(D4' =%(D' =%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<* !:%(D4' =%(D' =%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<* :]%(D4' =%(D' =%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<* ]z%(D4' =%(D' =%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<* z%(D4' =%(D' =%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<* %%(D4' =%(D' =%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<* %2%(D4' =%(D' =%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<* 2%(D4' =%(D' =%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<* %(D4' =%(D' =%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<* %(+ 0^N0 WO+ (   x  c $0 `   x  c $ `    0 @ ,$D0 ~2 C. The Process - How did the Bible as a whole arrive at canonical status? - Were there criteria by which the church evaluated? - If so, in doing so, did they declare some canonical and some others not? 1. Man s subjective determination? - In actuality, the early church merely recognized the canonical status of the writings and then affirmed it 2. God s objective revelation - Inspiration of God!p`Pp  0\PT 5(2) 2H  0޽h ? 336.___PPT10.+ksD' &= @B D' = @BA?%,( < +O%,( < +D4' =%(D' =%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<* %(D4' =%(D' =%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<* M%(D4' =%(D' =%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<* M%(D4' =%(D' =%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<* %(D4' =%(D' =%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<* %(D4' =%(D' =%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<* c%(D4' =%(D' =%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<* c%(D4' =%(D' =%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<* %(+ 0^N0   + } (   x  c $~0 `   x  c $ `    0 @ ,$D0 l 3. The basic steps of Canonicity - Inspiration by God - Recognition by men of God - Collection and preservation by the people of God II. The Hebrew Bible Canon (The OT Canon) A. Examples - Then Moses came and recounted to the people all the words of the LORD and all the ordinances; and all the people answered with one voice and said,  All the words which the LORD has spoken we will do! Ex 24:3 - And Joshua wrote these words in the book of the law of God; and he took a large stone and set it up there under the oak that was by the sanctuary of the LORD. Josh 24:26 - in the first year of his reign, I, Daniel, observed in the books the number of the years which was revealed as the word of the LORD to Jeremiah the prophet for the completion of the desolations of Jerusalem, namely, seventy years. Dan 9:2v7!'6 ap`Pp  0PT 5(3) 2H  0޽h ? 33rj___PPT10J.+ksD"' &= @B D' = @BA?%,( < +O%,( < +D4' =%(D' =%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<* "%(D4' =%(D' =%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<* "8%(D4' =%(D' =%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<* 8U%(D4' =%(D' =%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<* U%(D4' =%(D' =%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<* %(D4' =%(D' =%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<* %(D4' =%(D' =%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<* %(D4' =%(D' =%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<* D%(D4' =%(D' =%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<* D7%(+ 0^N0  , (   x  c $<0 `   x  c $ `  D  0x  @ ,$D0 ZB. Criteria for determining canonicity 1. Inadequate Criteria a. Age b. Hebrew Language c. Agreement with Torah d. Religious value 2. Inspiration determines canonicity a. Prophetic ministry b. The Spirit of God s prompting c. Final validation in the statement of Christ and the NT writers $.!-p`Pp  0PT 5(4) 2H  0޽h ? 33___PPT10.+ksD^' &= @B D' = @BA?%,( < +O%,( < +D4' =%(D' =%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<* '%(D4' =%(D' =%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<* '@%(D4' =%(D' =%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<* @H%(D4' =%(D' =%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<* H\%(D4' =%(D' =%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<* \u%(D4' =%(D' =%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<* u%(D4' =%(D' =%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<* %(D4' =%(D' =%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<* %(D4' =%(D' =%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<* %(D4' =%(D' =%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<* ,%(+ 0^N0 , w(   x  c $0 `   x  c $ `    0# @ ,$D0 C. Development of the OT Canon - * The Great Synagogue or the Great Assembly: a group of Jewish leadership between 410 BC and 310 BC. - * Ezekiel, Daniel, Esther: written outside Palestine - * The Twelve Minor Prophets: the division of the Minor Prophets was completed by the works of the three post-exilic prophets, who were themselves members of that council - * Ezra and Nehemiah,  men of the Great Synagogue, are mentioned as the last Biblical writers; while according to the introduction to the Second Book of the Maccabees (2:13) Nehemiah also collected a number of the books of the Bible. - Ezra collected the books of the Bible as well as Nehemiah - 4 Ezra 14:42-46 mentions 24 books *Jewish encyclopedia 8! p`Pp  0,PT 5(5) 2H  0޽h ? 33rj___PPT10J.+ksD"' &= @B D' = @BA?%,( < +O%,( < +D4' =%(D' =%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<* %(D4' =%(D' =%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<* %(D4' =%(D' =%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<* %(D4' =%(D' =%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<* m%(D4' =%(D' =%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<* mZ%(D4' =%(D' =%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<* Z%(D4' =%(D' =%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<* %(D4' =%(D' =%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<* %(D4' =%(D' =%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<* %(+5% 0^N0 ZR, (   x  c $:0 `   x  c $; `  t  0L  ,$D0 d - The Hebrew Bible required very little official action to indicate that it should be accepted as the authoritative and inspired Word of God. - Torah: immediately accepted Moses  prophet - Nevi im (Prophets): accepted as the direct revelation of God to his chosen people includes Joshua, Judges, Samuel, Kings - The Psalms, Proverbs, Daniel - Job, Ecclesiastes, Song of Solomon - Chronicles - Esther - LamentationsJ! -p`Pp  0>PT 5(6) 2  0 p ,$D 0  0R 0 ,$ 0 q3Treated as canon. Later in 90 AD, Council of Jamnia"4-H  0޽h ? 33kc___PPT10C.+ D' &= @B D' = @BA?%,( < +O%,( < +D4' =%(D' =%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<* %(D4' =%(D' =%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<* %(D4' =%(D' =%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<* %(D4' =%(D' =%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<* %(D4' =%(D' =%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<* E%(D4' =%(D' =%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<* Ee%(D4' =%(D' =%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<* e%(D4' =%(D' =%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<* %(D4' =%(D' =%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<* %(D4' =%(D' =%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<* %(D4' =%(D' =%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<* %(DA' =%(D' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<* %(+8+0+ 0 +( 0^N0 P+| 2(  | x | c $e0 `   x | c $f `  ] | 0La @ $D0___PPT9x D. The Extent of the OT Canon Homologoumena (accepted by all) universally acknowledged writings Antilegomena (disputed by some) an epithet used by the early Christian writers although sometimes publicly read in the churches, were not for a considerable amount of time, considered to be genuine or received into the canon of Scripture Term also applicable to the OT Discussion in the Council of Jamnia (90 AD) remained unchanged for the OT The 1st church historian, Eusebius, cir. 325, applied the term James, Jude, 2 Peter, 2 & 3 John , Apocalypse of John (Revelation) Acts of Paul, Shepherd of Hermas, Apocalypse of Peter, Epistle of Barnabas, Didache, Gospel according to the Hebrews:!  "    C"  J" ? "  "  CJ?p`Pp | 0PT 5(7) 2H | 0޽h ? 33  ___PPT10v .+ksDN ' &= @B D ' = @BA?%,( < +O%,( < +D4' =%(D' =%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*| %(D4' =%(D' =%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*| >%(D4' =%(D' =%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*| >`%(D4' =%(D' =%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*| `%(D4' =%(D' =%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*| %(D4' =%(D' =%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*| %(D4' =%(D' =%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*| '%(D4' =%(D' =%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*| 'P%(D4' =%(D' =%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*| Po%(D4' =%(D' =%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*| o%(D4' =%(D' =%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*| %(D4' =%(D' =%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*| %(D4' =%(D' =%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*| ;%(D4' =%(D' =%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*| ;%(+ 0^N0 + >(   x  c $m0 `   x  c $k `  m  0x @ $D0rj___PPT9LD _Apocrypha (accepted by some) Largely due to the inclusion by LXX Certain church fathers like Augustine accepted them Never accepted authoritative by the Jewish community nor does it claim to be so Jerome rejected its inspiration NT apocrypha: never accepted as canonical Pseudepigrapha (rejected by all) Often claimed to be written by biblical authors Always treated as spurious and even heretical at points   ! i  !l  p`Pp  0PT 5(8) 2   c $A ??` "8 $D 0`   c $A ??`  " H  0޽h ? 33___PPT10.+)V D^' &= @B D' = @BA?%,( < +O%,( < +D4' =%(D' =%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<* %(D4' =%(D' =%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<* A%(D4' =%(D' =%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<* Au%(D4' =%(D' =%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<* u%(D4' =%(D' =%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<* %(D4' =%(D' =%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<* %(D4' =%(D' =%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<* 0%(D4' =%(D' =%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<* 0`%(D4' =%(D' =%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<* `%(D4' =%(D' =%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<* %(+# 0^N0 @+x O(  x x x c $| `   x 0 pPh$D04,___PPT9@@@@ 0RTanakh Torah  meaning  Instruction  law also called the Chumash , meaning  the five In Greek, called the Pentateuch often referred to as the law of the Jewish people Nevi'im  meaning  Prophet associated with anything to do with the prophets Ketuvim  meaning  Writings D!    C   "  5"g  " $$C(( ,,0"04488` 7 p M p`Pp x 0PT 5(9) 2 x s $0e0e #" 0e0 `   H x 0޽h ? 33___PPT10.+ksD' &= @B DU' = @BA?%,( < +O%,( < +D4' =%(D' =%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*x %(D4' =%(D' =%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*x %(D4' =%(D' =%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*x 1%(D4' =%(D' =%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*x 1b%(D4' =%(D' =%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*x b%(D4' =%(D' =%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*x %(D4' =%(D' =%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*x %(D4' =%(D' =%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*x %(D4' =%(D' =%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*x %(D4' =%(D' =%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*x %(D4' =%(D' =%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*x *%(+ 0^N0 p+ z(   x  c $0 `   x  c $8 `    0 @ T$D0 ___PPT9@@@@@@ H Torah  1. Genesis [ / B'reshit] 2. Exodus [ / Sh'mot] 3. Leviticus [ / Vayiqra] 4. Numbers [ / B'midbar] 5. Deuteronomy [ / D'varim]    "  "" " $$("(,,0"0 44       p`Pp  0T 6(10) 2H  0޽h ? 33___PPT10.+ksDn' &= @B D)' = @BA?%,( < +O%,( < +D4' =%(D' =%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<* %(D4' =%(D' =%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<* ,%(D4' =%(D' =%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<* ,F%(D4' =%(D' =%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<* Fe%(D4' =%(D' =%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<* e%(D4' =%(D' =%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<* %(+C 0^N0 :2+ (   x  c $+0 `   x  c $h/ `    0/ @ R$D0___PPT9@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@ : VNevi'im  6. Joshua [ / Y'hoshua] 7. Judges [ / Shophtim] 8. Samuel (I & II) [ / Sh'muel] 9. Kings (I & II) [ / M'lakhim] 10. Isaiah [ / Y'shayahu] 11. Jeremiah [ / Yir'mi'yahu] 12. Ezekiel [ / Y'khezqel] 13. The Twelve Minor Prophets [ ] I. Hosea [ / Hoshea] II. Joel [ / Yo'el] III. Amos [ / Amos] IV. Obadiah [ / Ovadyah] V. Jonah [ / Yonah] VI. Micah [ / Mikhah] VII. Nahum [ / Nakhum] VIII. Habakkuk [ /Khavaquq] IX. Zephaniah [ / Ts'phanyah] X. Haggai [ / Khagai] XI. Zechariah [ / Z'kharyah] XII. Malachi [ / Mal'akhi]t  "  ""! " $$("(,,0"0448"8<<"-"    "  "   " $$ ("( ,, 0"0 44 8"8 << "  "  "  "   " !$$ ("( ,, ,,6    !     -                                                                   p`Pp  0`pT 6(11) 2H  0޽h ? 33B0:0___PPT100.+ksD/' = @B D/' = @BA?%,( < +O%,( < +D4' =%(D' =%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<* %(D4' =%(D' =%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<* ,%(D4' =%(D' =%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<* ,J%(D4' =%(D' =%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<* Jo%(D4' =%(D' =%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<* o%(D4' =%(D' =%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<* %(D4' =%(D' =%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<* %(D4' =%(D' =%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<* %(D4' =%(D' =%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<* %(D4' =%(D' =%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<* ;%(D4' =%(D' =%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<* ;W%(D4' =%(D' =%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<* Wt%(D4' =%(D' =%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<* t%(D4' =%(D' =%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<* %(D4' =%(D' =%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<* %(D4' =%(D' =%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<* %(D4' =%(D' =%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<* %(D4' =%(D' =%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<* B%(D4' =%(D' =%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<* B`%(D4' =%(D' =%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<* `%(D4' =%(D' =%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<* %(++ 0^N0 x+ (   x  c $0 `   x  c $ `  :   0 @  $D0___PPT9@@@@@@@@@@@@ l Ketuvim  14. Psalms [ / T'hilim] 15. Proverbs [ / Mishlei] 16. Job [ / Iyov] 17. Song of Songs [  / Shir Hashirim] 18. Ruth [ / Rut] 19. Lamentations [ / Eikhah] 20. Ecclesiastes [ / Qohelet] 21. Esther [ / Est(h)er] 22. Daniel [ / Dani'el] 23. Ezra-Nehemiah [  / Ezra wuNekhem'ya] 24. Chronicles (I & II) [  / Divrey Hayamim]v   ""  "" "  $$ ("( ,,0"0448"8!<<""  "# "2 " $$                                                                       p`Pp  0T 6(12) 2H  0޽h ? 33&___PPT10.+ksD' &= @B D' = @BA?%,( < +O%,( < +D4' =%(D' =%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<* %(D4' =%(D' =%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<* 1%(D4' =%(D' =%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<* 1S%(D4' =%(D' =%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<* Sm%(D4' =%(D' =%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<* m%(D4' =%(D' =%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<* %(D4' =%(D' =%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<* %(D4' =%(D' =%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<* %(D4' =%(D' =%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<* %%(D4' =%(D' =%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<* %F%(D4' =%(D' =%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<* F}%(D4' =%(D' =%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<* }%(+~ 0^N0 RJ+ (   ~  s *      0 @ ,$D0 D!p`Pp  0 ZA K?AA ?500 K   0 0 6(13) 2H  0޽h ? 33___PPT10.+ksDl' &= @B D'' = @BA?%,( < +O%,( < +D^' =%(D' =%(D' =>@BBBBPB%(/%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<* %(+{3 0^N0   0,  (   x  c $@Y#0 `  # x  c $Y# ` #   0Te# @ ,$D0 `III. The NT Canon (The New Covenant Canon) A. Examples with the NT - 2 Pet 3:15-16 - 1 Thess 5:27 - Col 4:16 - Rev 1:3 B. Criteria for determining NT canonicity 1. Inspiration 2. Apostolic identification C. Development of the NT canon D. Extent of the NT canon!p`Pp  0\#T 6(14) 2+  B(l#GhH1 "`  `,$D0 wcand regard the patience of our Lord as salvation; just as also our beloved brother Paul, according to the wisdom given him, wrote to you, as also in all his letters, speaking in them of these things, in which are some things hard to understand, which the untaught and unstable distort, as they do also the rest of the Scriptures, to their own destruction.  Bp#GHWQ "`  0,$D0 ZFI adjure you by the Lord to have this letter read to all the brethren.b  B0w#GwH "`0 P ,$D 0 When this letter is read among you, have it also read in the church of the Laodiceans; and you, for your part read my letter that is coming from Laodicea.P  B|#GH̙ "`P pp ,$D 0 Blessed is he who reads and those who hear the words of the prophecy, and heed the things which are written in it; for the time is near.H  0޽h ?O@     33~(v(___PPT10V(.+qDN'' &= @B D '' = @BA?%,( < +O%,( < +D4' =%(D' =%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<* +%(D4' =%(D' =%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<* +E%(D4' =%(D' =%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<* EW%(De' =%(D ' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(E' =1B B`BPB1:Bhidden*3>+B#style.visibility= `B<* D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<* %(D4' =%(D' =%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<* Wh%(De' =%(D ' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(E' =1B B`BPB1:Bhidden*3>+B#style.visibility= `B<* D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<* %(D4' =%(D' =%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<* ht%(De' =%(D ' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(E' =1B B`BPB1:Bhidden*3>+B#style.visibility= `B<* D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<* %(D4' =%(D' =%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<* t%(De' =%(D ' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(E' =1B B`BPB1:Bhidden*3>+B#style.visibility= `B<* D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<* %(D4' =%(D' =%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<* %(D4' =%(D' =%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<* %(D4' =%(D' =%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<* %(D4' =%(D' =%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<* %(D4' =%(D' =%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<* %(++0+ 0 ++0+ 0 ++0+ 0 ++0+ 0 +O 0^N0 !P, (   x  c $ 0 `   x  c $ `    0ȁ @ ,$D0 ?IV. A Fixed or Closed Canon Is the canon closed? Can other books be written and be included other than those in the Bible we have today? A. Revelation is in Jesus Christ B. Revelation concerning salvation C. Instruments of revelation !p`Pp  0TT 6(14) 2H  0޽h ? 33___PPT10.+ksDn' &= @B D)' = @BA?%,( < +O%,( < +D4' =%(D' =%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<* %(D4' =%(D' =%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<* 2%(D4' =%(D' =%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<* 2%(D4' =%(D' =%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<* %(D4' =%(D' =%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<* %(D4' =%(D' =%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<* %(+ 0 (L(  (x ( c $* `}    ( s *x5 0  "P@08XH ( 0޽h ? 33___PPT10e.+D=' &= @B +'x}mp\qbD>I!$~Ha~"-Q2}v.]x. 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