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S  0ܘ ^ `  >*  0 ^   @*  00 ^ `  @*H  0޽h ? 3380___PPT10.sWs Default Design0 0 *(    0X# P    X*   0A     Z* d  c $ ?    0E  0  RClick to edit Master text styles Second level Third level Fourth level Fifth level!     S  6K _P   X*   6\X# _   Z* H  0޽h ? 3380___PPT10.4O 0^N0 PP0(  Px P c $# `}  # x P c $@# ` # H P 0޽h ? 33___PPT10e.+D=' &= @B +u 0^N0 {s*`  (  ` x ` c $H#0 `  # x ` c $x# ` # 6 ` 0# p ,$@0 4Wescott-Hort Approach to Evaluating Manuscripts What is Wescott-Hort? Brooke Foss Westcott (1825-1901) and Fenton John Anthony Hort (1828-1892) The New Testament in the Original Greek, 1881 4 text-types Syrian or Byzantine text-type Western text-type Alexandrian text-type Their favorite text-type<5!3d'wp`Pp ` 0(0p 5(1) 2H ` 0޽h ? 33___PPT10b.+AGD:' &= @B D' = @BA?%,( < +O%,( < +D' =%(Dh' =%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*` %(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*` 3%(D4' =%(D' =%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*` 3I%(D' =%(Dh' =%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*` Ip%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*` p%(D4' =%(D' =%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*` %(D4' =%(D' =%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*` %(D4' =%(D' =%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*` %(D4' =%(D' =%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*` %(D4' =%(D' =%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*` %(D4' =%(D' =%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*` 5%(+ 0^N0 {*X (  X x X c $@0 `   x X c $ `  > X 0 p ,$D0 *Syrian or Byzantine text-type: A group of very similar original manuscripts of the Greek New Testament. It is this form that is found in the overwhelming majority of surviving New Testament manuscripts. It remains the standard base of the New Testament that is used in the Churches of the East. It also underlies the related Textus Receptus Greek text used for most traditional translations of the New Testament in the West. Modern translations, however, mostly use an Eclectic text, that conforms more often to codices of the Alexandrian text-type. N !  !Hp`Pp X 0 0p 5(2) 2H X 0޽h ? 33___PPT10.+ksDn' &= @B D)' = @BA?%,( < +O%,( < +D4' =%(D' =%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*X %(D4' =%(D' =%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*X j%(D4' =%(D' =%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*X j%(D4' =%(D' =%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*X *%(D4' =%(D' =%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*X *%(D4' =%(D' =%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*X *%(+ 0^N0 *\ .(  \ x \ c $/0 `   x \ c $0# `  Y \ 0O @P,$D0 3Western text-type: the predominant form of the NT text witnessed in the Old Latin translation from the Greek also found in quotations from certain 2nd and 3rd C. Christian writers (i.e. Cyprian, Tertullian, Irenaeus) Codex Bezae: Only one Greek Uncial manuscript The four Gospels and the Book of Acts - the 5th C. Codex Claromontanus: 6th C. considered to transmit a Western text for the letters of Saint Paul Two 9th C. Uncials: F and G Also found in the Syrs & Syrc opinions vary as to whether these versions can be considered witnesses to the Western text-type`! 3  D : `   i-  D   *      `p`Pp \ 0=0p 5(3) 2H \ 0޽h ? 33___PPT10.+ksD^' &= @B D' = @BA?%,( < +O%,( < +D4' =%(D' =%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*\ %(D4' =%(D' =%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*\ m%(D4' =%(D' =%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*\ m%(D4' =%(D' =%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*\ %(D4' =%(D' =%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*\ :%(D4' =%(D' =%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*\ :V%(D4' =%(D' =%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*\ V%(D4' =%(D' =%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*\ %(D4' =%(D' =%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*\ %(D4' =%(D' =%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*\ 4%(+  0^N0 +l /(  l ~ l s *”0 `   ~ l s *Ô      l 0L֔ p ,$D0 xAlexandrian text-type also called Neutral or Egyptian the form of the Greek NT that predominates in the earliest surviving witnesses Most modern NT translations use an Eclectic Greek text that is closest to the Alexandrian text-type * In later manuscripts (from the 9th C. onwards) the Byzantine text-type becomes far more common. It remains the standard text in the Greek Orthodox church, and most Protestant translations of the Reformation era.! K !K" p`Pp l 0ɔ0p 5(4) 2 l 0 ZA g? ?1p `  g  l  c $A ?? P 8 $D0H l 0޽h ? 33___PPT10.+|RD' &= @B De' = @BA?%,( < +O%,( < +D4' =%(D' =%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*l %(D4' =%(D' =%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*l 6%(D4' =%(D' =%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*l 6%(D4' =%(D' =%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*l %(D4' =%(D' =%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*l %(D4' =%(D' =%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*l %(D4' =%(D' =%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*l %(+N 0^N0  +p t(  p x p c $0 `   x p c $0 `   p 0D p ,$D0 eFavorite text-type codex Vaticanus codex Sinaiticus (discovered in 1859) Western text-type vs. Byzantine text-type: more likely to be abrupt in their Greek expression compared to the Western text-type vs. Alexandrian text-type : display glosses, additional details, and instances where the original passages appear to be replaced with longer paraphrases t!6 -!C /!} !fp`Pp p 00p 5(5) 2H p 0޽h ? 33___PPT10.+ksD' &= @B De' = @BA?%,( < +O%,( < +D4' =%(D' =%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*p %(D4' =%(D' =%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*p #%(D4' =%(D' =%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*p #I%(D4' =%(D' =%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*p Jv%(D4' =%(D' =%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*p v%(D4' =%(D' =%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*p %(D4' =%(D' =%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*p e%(+ 0^N0 *P i(  P x P c $ 0 `   x P c $ `   P 0 p ,$D0 $Syrian or Byzantine text-type: Textus Receptus The series originated with the first printed Greek New Testament; a work undertaken in Basel by the Dutch Catholic scholar Desiderius Erasmus in 1516 Western text-type: much older mss. tends to paraphrase less reliable !  ! '! %p`Pp P 0x0p 5(6) 2H P 0޽h ? 33___PPT10.+ksDn' &= @B D)' = @BA?%,( < +O%,( < +D4' =%(D' =%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*P %(D4' =%(D' =%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*P 1%(D4' =%(D' =%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*P 1%(D4' =%(D' =%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*P %(D4' =%(D' =%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*P %(D4' =%(D' =%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*P %(+  0^N0 +h E(  h x h c $O0 `   x h c $H `  p h 0\ @P,$D0 Alexandrian text-type: codex Ephraemi Rescriptus (Paris, National Library Greek 9; Gregory-Aland no. C or 04) an early 5th century Greek the last in the group of the four great uncial manuscripts of the Greek Bible (see Codex Sinaiticus, Codex Alexandrinus and Codex Vaticanus). palimpsest: the treatises of Ephraem the Syrian, in Greek translations, were written over ( rescriptus ) in the 12th century. The effacement of the original text was incomplete, fortunately, for beneath the text was once a complete Bible, the OT & NT Favorite text-type: Relied heavily on codices Vaticanus & Sinaiticus Worked from 1853 to 1881p!     !J 1? Jp`Pp h 0]0p 5(7) 2H h 0޽h ? 33___PPT10.+ksD^' &= @B D' = @BA?%,( < +O%,( < +D4' =%(D' =%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*h 1%(D4' =%(D' =%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*h 1p%(D4' =%(D' =%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*h p%(D4' =%(D' =%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*h %(D4' =%(D' =%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*h '%(D4' =%(D' =%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*h '%(D4' =%(D' =%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*h %(D4' =%(D' =%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*h ,%(D4' =%(D' =%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*h ,]%(D4' =%(D' =%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*h ]v%(+  0^N0 *T 1(  T x T c $@0 `   x T c $r `  \ T 0 p $D0TL___PPT9.& lWescott-Hort Approach The W-H Approach Let the majority rule? Take the reading of the oldest manuscript? Take the oldest text? Use the best text? They opted for #4 and proceeded with the following:t(!k 4  k4p`Pp T 00p 5(8) 2H T 0޽h ? 33___PPT10.+ksD' &= @B De' = @BA?%,( < +O%,( < +D4' =%(D' =%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*T %(D4' =%(D' =%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*T (%(D4' =%(D' =%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*T (?%(D4' =%(D' =%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*T ?j%(D4' =%(D' =%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*T j%(D4' =%(D' =%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*T %(D4' =%(D' =%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*T %(+ 1 0^N0  { 0+t  (  t x t c $䖮0 `   x t c $ `  >  t 0 @ 6$D0___PPT9 Determine the variants Preliminary step; Several variants set; each with supporting witnesses External evidences Internal evidences of groups of documents How often does a group of witness support each other? This leads to  families. Internal evidences of families of documents What is the relation of the various families of documents? Internal evidence of the readings Intrinsic internal evidence (Intrinsic Probability) What is the author most likely to have written? Transcriptional internal evidence (Transcriptional Probability) What are the copyists most likely to have made the author seem to write? Internal evidence of documents This examines the weight of documents as a whole, and looks for the percentage of reliability. H! * P , ; " 4 0   b!G*  P,;"4  0$$((,,00a00p`Pp t 0®0p 5(9) 2H t 0޽h ? 33%%___PPT10$.+ksD$' &= @B D$' = @BA?%,( < +O%,( < +D4' =%(D' =%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*t %(D4' =%(D' =%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*t _%(D4' =%(D' =%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*t _r%(D4' =%(D' =%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*t r%(D4' =%(D' =%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*t %(D4' =%(D' =%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*t %(D4' =%(D' =%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*t %(D4' =%(D' =%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*t S%(D4' =%(D' =%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*t Su%(D4' =%(D' =%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*t u%(D4' =%(D' =%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*t %(D4' =%(D' =%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*t %(D4' =%(D' =%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*t c%(D4' =%(D' =%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*t c%(D4' =%(D' =%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*t %(D4' =%(D' =%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*t %(++ 0^N0 `, I(   x  c $T0 `   x  c $, `  s  0x  @ $D0___PPT9 The Praxis of the Method of Textual Criticism Determine the variants External evidences The date of the witness The geographical distribution of the witnesses that agree in supporting a variant The genealogical relationship of texts and families of witnesses Internal evidence of the readings Transcriptional Probability Intentional errors Unintentional errors The canons of transcriptional errors In general, the more difficult reading is to be preferred In general, the shorter reading is to be preferred Except, in parallel passages, that reading is to be preferred which stands in verbal dissidence with the other The reading which best explains the origin of others is to be preferred&.!    "  M $ .  "M#    xd  0@,0p 6(10) 2H  0޽h ? 33""___PPT10".+ksD"' &= @B DE"' = @BA?%,( < +O%,( < +D4' =%(D' =%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<* .%(D4' =%(D' =%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<* .E%(D4' =%(D' =%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<* EX%(D4' =%(D' =%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<* Xp%(D4' =%(D' =%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<* p%(D4' =%(D' =%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<* %(D4' =%(D' =%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<* %%(D4' =%(D' =%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<* %A%(D4' =%(D' =%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<* AT%(D4' =%(D' =%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<* Ti%(D4' =%(D' =%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<* i%(D4' =%(D' =%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<* %(D4' =%(D' =%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<* %(D4' =%(D' =%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<* j%(D4' =%(D' =%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<* j%(+Z# 0^N0  p, (   x  c $ 0 `   x  c $@ `    0@ @ $D0xp___PPT9RJ The Praxis of the Method of Textual Criticism (cont.) Intrinsic Probability The style and vocabulary of the author throughout the book The immediate context Harmony with the usage of the author elsewhere In the Gospels, harmony with the Aramaic background of the teaching of Jesus The priority of the Gospel of Mark The influence of the Christian community upon the formulation and transmission of the passage in question This is where the author s style, vocabulary and other literary features are judged to see what he most likely would have written in a given text. One must be careful here of subjectivity 4. Conclusion6! Z !!6Z  xd  0N0p 6(11) 2H  0޽h ? 33___PPT10.+ksD' &= @B DU' = @BA?%,( < +O%,( < +D4' =%(D' =%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<* 6%(D4' =%(D' =%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<* 6L%(D4' =%(D' =%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<* L%(D4' =%(D' =%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<* %(D4' =%(D' =%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<* %(D4' =%(D' =%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<* %(D4' =%(D' =%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<* <%(D4' =%(D' =%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<* <%(D4' =%(D' =%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<* :%(D4' =%(D' =%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<* :d%(D4' =%(D' =%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<* dr%(+w 0^N0 YQ+ (   x  c $(%0 `   x  c $ `    0r @ ,$D0 I. Characteristics of Canonicity A. Definition of terms - Canon: Greek kanwvn (reed, rod) - Hebrew: henfq (reed, rod) - Ezek 40:3 kaneh is used of a rod to measure the temple; later, spiritual measurement - Gal 6:16 kanon is used of a rule by which Christians should measure their walk. B. Concept - The early church applied the term to those writings which were considered as authoritative. - Given by God as the rule of faith for the church - Thus, canon of Scripturen!JRp`Pp  0`PT 5(1) 2H  0޽h ? 33___PPT10.+ksD^' &= @B D' = @BA?%,( < +O%,( < +D4' =%(D' =%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<* !%(D4' =%(D' =%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<* !:%(D4' =%(D' =%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<* :]%(D4' =%(D' =%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<* ]z%(D4' =%(D' =%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<* z%(D4' =%(D' =%(D' =4@BBB